Arguments in Favour of Single-Sex Schools

Arguments in Favour of Single-Sex Schools The topic on single sex schools has drawn wide and different opinions in the public domain for a long time. Individuals, groups, institutions and authorities have so far presented different thoughts regarding the topic. By definition, the phrase, â€Å"single sex school† means a form of a school where by boys and girls attend different schools. To be precise, single schools implies, girls attending a school that is specifically for girls while boys attending a schools that is specifically for boys. Thus, single school unlike the conventional or rather traditional schools (mixed schools) is an ideology that even though has been in existed for a long time, some people in the community feels it is a good idea that need to be embraced. Meanwhile, there are some people too who feel that girls and boys should learn together in the same school as it will help them develop together as one. Regardless of the many thoughts that have been presented opposing the view, single sex schools w hen implemented, they are good for education. One of the reasons why single sex schools are good for education is that; they create a feeling of safety, encourages students to embrace their lifestyle as well as discouraging any form of distraction in the course of pursuing their dreams through education. There are a number of students whose education has been affected due lack of concentration in class. This is because some students find it so hard to focus when they are in a conventional class. This is a problem that is very common with boys as opposed to girls. Boys tend to lose focus in a class of mixed gender because they will be trying to act different in order to attract their female class mates. Worse still, it is really hard for boys to focus on learning while there are a stream of cute ladies to admire in the same class. Nevertheless, it is important to note also that, this problem does not affect all boys but then the percentage of boys who get distracted from learning because of beautiful girls in class is higher as o pposed to the percentage that does not get affected (The Many Advantages of Single-Sex Schools, n.p). Meanwhile, there are a number of girls who get affected too when in a conventional school. This arises on matters concerning safety. Psychologically, young girls fear being touched physically. This creates fear among them and as such they are not in a position of undertaking their studies in a normal way. On the other hand, female students will feel free and safe if they are enrolled in a female school where by they are encountering fellow girls. This creates confidence and thus s boosts their academic performance, a clear indication that same sex schools are good for education. On top of that, it is also factual that both boys and girls develop different in the process of growing up. This is evident given the fact that, girls develop faster as compared to boys. Moreover, the thinking capacity of ladies grows exponential faster as opposed to that of boys. This indicates that the nee ds of girls are to some extent different from that of boys. Thus, there is need to encourage single sex schools that will help girls and boys understand the needs of their bodies’ well which eventually can be translated to good performance (Single-Gender Classes, n.p). According to Gilbert (par. 5 and 6), the education system has been stormed by females as opposed to males. Gilbert presents his finding that, the number of female administrators in most schools is higher as compared to males in many schools. He also states that, the number of female teachers in mixed schools is higher than those of male teachers. Gilbert also observes that, female students have the ability to observe their emotions well as opposed to students. On top of that girls are also known to be better readers as opposed to boys. Worse still, the current education system tend to emphasize more on cooperation. This leaves boys stranded in their studies, because they prefer more physical actions and competition. In fact, Gilbert asserts that, this type of system favors girls who excel while the performance of boys keep on deteriorating. In his conclusion, Gilbert thus argues that, mixed schools only favors girls as opposed to boys. In his justification, he asserts that, co-ed sch ools affects boys in that they lose attention in learning, as well as ending up suffering from developmental disorders. Thus, Gilbert suggests that, the best way to promote equality in education for both boys and girls is to adopt singe sex schools given that co-ed schools tend to favor girls as opposed to boys. Another view as to why single sex schools are good for education as opposed to co-ed schools is from the point of teachers. Given that the behavior and needs of both boys and girls are different, teachers’ performance is also affected in the process of delivery in class. This sis because, there is no uniformity in terms of approaching different issues in the same class. As such, a teacher must treat a boy different as well as a girl in a unique way too. This affects teachers’ precision. However, embracing singe sex schools, teachers will be able to link their instructions methodology to the behavior of their students and thus good for education (The Many Advantages of Single-Sex Schools, n.p). Meanwhile, an environment plays a great role in student performance. A favorable learning environment contributes to high performance of students as opposed to an unfavorable environment. A relaxed environment is good for a learning set up as opposed to a chaotic environment. This works for both boys and girls. However, one thing that need to be clear is that in co-ed schools, boys and girls try as much as possible to impress one another. In so doing they feel fixed in that they are supposed to act in a manner that attracts one another. In the process, a girl or a boy may fear asking a question because she/he may think it will not impress their opposite sex counterparts. This affects the students in expressing themselves openly and if continues for a long time, it becomes a habit that cannot and will never be erased. Actually it becomes part of their life and accompanies them in the rest of their live. In comparison to single sex schools, students have nobody to impress and as such, they fear less in asking questions, that is an important element in learning. Moreover, the ability to engage with others without feeling intimidated by the gender of the opposite sex spark debates and conversation that enhances education in a positive manner (Kennedy, n.p). Indeed, education is one important gift to both boys and girls. It is through education that boys and girls can be able to achieve their various dreams in life. Thus, there is need to adapt a model that works for both of them. Over time, there has been a debate as to whether single sex schools improve student performance. This debate has drawn a lot of views from the students themselves, parents/guardians, teachers, human support groups as well as the legal authority. Even though there are opposing views concerning the encouragement of single sex schools on the premise that; they tend to separate girls and boys making them fear one another and thus leading to isolation as well as contributing to high level of divorce in the long run, single sex schools are good for education for various reason. One of them is that they encourage a feeling of safety, promotes a feeling of safety as well as avoiding any form of distractions. Another reason is the fact that boys and girls develop differ ently as well the undeniable truth that schools are stormed by females as opposed to males, which makes boys uncomfortable. On top of that, teachers are also more productive in single sex schools as opposed to co-ed schools due to uniformity. Moreover, single sex schools enables students to engage in debates and conversation without any form of gender based intimidation. Works Cited Gilbert, Michael. Single-sex Schools Help Children Thrive. The Christian Science Monitor. The Christian Science Monitor. Web. 4 May 2015. Kennedy, Robert. What Are the Advantages of Single Sex Education? Web. 4 May 2015. Single-Gender Classes: Are They Better? Education World:. Web. 4 May 2015. The Many Advantages of Single-Sex Schools. CRC Health Group. Web. 4 May 2015.

Baroque Painting Essay

Few can dispute the beauty and grace of the Baroque era. It is difficult to define this era as it was a term later put to the ideas of the age between 1600 and 1750. â€Å"The Baroque grew up at the beginning of the seventeenth century in papal Rome, where, rather than a clearly defined style, it was a tendency, common to all the arts – in short, it was a taste, a fashion† (Conti 3)The artists of this time tried to break away from previous conventions, while at the same time hailing the past geniuses. It focused on a tantalizing mixture of old and new, and on action – a moment caught within a canvas.â€Å"Baroque meant movement, desire for nobility, love of the infinite and the non-infinite, of contrasts and bold fusion of all forms of art. It was as dramatic, exuberant, and theatrical as the preceding period had been serene and restrained. † (Conti 4) In particular, the intricacies of light and shadow perfected by Caravaggio are not just pleasant to the e ye of the past. A camera is now used, and adorning the walls of most houses you find black and white prints, effectively showing the contrasts between deep shadows and gleaming light.What is this, but the every man's attempt to recreate what Caravaggio achieved? The impulse toward the adoption of this idiom (thematic use of light and shade) came from Italy, indeed from a single Italian artist . . . known as Caravaggio†¦ Although his work has been more attacked by some critics than appreciated, there is no doubt that he marked the beginning of a new epoch. . . His paintings showed sturdy peasants, innkeepers and gamblers; and though sometimes they might be dressed as saints, apostles and fathers of the Church they represented reality in its most crude and harsh aspect.(Conti 40-41) Caravaggio was born in 1571, and in his relatively short life time of thirty nine years, he managed to bring Italian art to a whole new level. His subject matter changed over the years and depended la rgely upon his patrons’ desires. While much of his patronage, just like Leonardo de Vinci and Michelangelo before him, depended on the Church, the wealthiest and most dominant force in Italian politics at the time, he was not always in their favor. Caravaggio was a notorious brawler with a dark temperament. This temperament and violence is easily visible in many of his works.While he started his career in the late 1590’s painting young boys playing music or holding flowers, he was without a doubt most famous for his later works with more religious and often violent themes. It is in these works we see his definitive use of light and dark. This technique, recreated by Caravaggio, was called tenebrism, and was in effect a more intense version of an already existing technique called chiaroscuro. This use of light and dark, of shadow and narrow beams of illumination, was highly effective, and has inspired artists for many years since. Indeed, â€Å". . in Caravaggioâ€℠¢s universe there can be no light without darkness.† (Martin 223) This, along with his interesting and highly controversial usage of ordinary folk of the time, helped his works to stand out against others as dramatically as his use of light and shadow. He was a highly valued and famous artists of his time, but while his works influenced some of the greatest artists of all time (including Velazquez and Monet), his fame diminished quickly following his death and until the early 20th Century. Much of the information written about him came from contemporary enemies – either rival artists or critics who did not approve of his works.Many of Caravaggio’s greatest works revolve around subjects involved in movement as well as deep emotion. Rather than have a noble person pose, he not only chose lowly peasants and prostitutes as his subjects, but painted them in the throes of movement or action. This effect acts as a snapshot, a glimpse into the life of the people within t he painting. The effect of a camera could not produce a more fascinating result – a true study of human emotion and activity. Particularly regarding his religious subject matter he fell into controversy.He rarely used the pious perfection of Mannerism for his techniques, instead choosing to use a prostitute to model for the Virgin (Death of the Virgin), and an old man to pose as St. Matthew (St Matthew and the Angel). This choice made him popular and unique in many circles, and earned him an eager and young following. But among the established artist clique and in particular among certain members of the Church, his use of the peasants and the outcasts were thought to be vulgar and sacrilegious, too dark and menacing for display in the Church.He also refused to use existing works of art for his inspiration, instead choosing real life subjects, and did not work from sketches, but used the back of his brush directly on the canvas to outline his images. While he got a lot of bad attention for this â€Å"Caravaggio’s work was not negative; his aim was to restore full coporeal density to the unstable figures of Mannerism. † (Bazin 30) Caravaggio’s life was as tempestuous as many of his paintings and he was involved in several brawls. This, no doubt, contributed to his list of enemies who gave less than generous accounts of his life.Their mission almost succeeded; as his name did not reach the heights of popularity other artists achieved until the 20th Century, even though certain artists were aware of his works and used his influence. In 1606 he killed a young man, and was forced to flee his rich allies of Rome. Arriving in Naples, he was protected by the Colonna family, but after several incidents was forced to flee to Malta and then to Sicily. An attempt was made on his life in 1608 when he returned to Naples, but finally it was a fever that reportedly killed him in 1610.Caravaggio was never out of work, and wherever he went his paintin gs were generally highly prized. Despite his short career, and the lack of an official school, his influence was certainly felt, even if primarily in the rest of Europe and not his homeland of Italy. â€Å"His influence was harvested instead in Spain, and in Flanders and Holland. † (Conti 42) It is also true that this influence pushed the boundaries of time. â€Å"Caravaggio’s direct influence was brief, though intense, and was confined to his immediate followers, many of them foreign-born, who worked in Rome.But the indirect consequences of his work for European art were far reaching and incalculable. † (Kitson 41) The revival of interest in his works in the 20th Century shows his small existing collection of fifty paintings to be of equal caliber to any of the greats and his unique technique can be said to have influenced even modern art. â€Å". . . in the Cicerone (Jacob Burckhardt) categorized Italian painting of the age of Rubens, from the Carracci and Ca ravaggio onwards, not as Baroque but as modern, ‘partly eclectic, partly naturalistic’. † (Turner 36)Of all the paintings Caravaggio created his religious ones are the most riveting. Allegorical and fascinating all at the same time, they teach us something about the subjects and ourselves. The people in Caravaggio’s paintings are bound together by dramatic relationships which raise all the problems of life, grief and death. From his paintings there emerges a pessimistic impression of human destiny, and it was not surprising that Caravaggio’s art opened the way to that anxious exploration of the soul which attracted many of the painters of the seventeenth century.(Bazin 31) We don’t see one of the greatest sacrifices in the world in Carr painting of Abraham Sacrificing Isaac. Instead we see a father pained at sacrificing his son, but determined to do it as God’s wish. As in many of Caravaggio’s paintings, the moment in time caught on canvas displays a moment of emotional anguish or change, and together with his use of shadows and light, the subjects become not just the characters of a story, but real life human beings. There are no halos. No storm clouds representing Gods watching eye.Just a man about to do the unbelievable to his son, who is suddenly given an alternative where before there was none. It is heart wrenching and very effective. Caravaggio abandoned many of the rules and guidelines of the highly successful artists of the Renaissance, whose main focus was the adoration and idolization of the human and the religious experience. This was not out of disrespect as was thought at the time, but instead was his attempt to enhance what had been started by these great masters.Yet this caused many to reject his art, while young artists of the time thrived on his art revolution. Although, they never made as much direct progress as he had himself, they did continue to use aspects of his art, picking and choo sing the more forgiving and less controversial use of light and dark, while at the same time bypassing, or conveniently forgetting, probably the most important focus for the artist himself, that of the use of the ordinary. Probably one of the most effective and realistic paintings of his career was the Incredulity of Saint Thomas.In this painting, all of the features we attribute to Caravaggio are in evidence. Jesus stands to the left of the painting while three old men, Thomas in the foreground, look at the future saint put his finger in the wound in Jesus’ side. At the risk of putting too modern a gloss on his work, one could almost say that Caravaggio was the inventor of the anti-hero in religious art . . . Christ and Saints are dressed in drab clothes . . (they are) tough working men who would not stand out in a crowd . . .Ordinary people press around them in defiance of the Counter-Reformation doctrine that lay people could only approach God through the intermediary of t he clergy. (Kitson 101) All three men are old, Thomas’ coat is torn at the shoulder and there is an expression of amazed incredulity on each of the faces. Caravaggio’s use of light and dark makes the wrinkles on their foreheads stand out all the more. This is an image of the disciples that people never saw before. Even the expression on Jesus’ face is captivating and completely endearing as he guides the doubting hand of Thomas to his wound.The light comes from an unseen point to the left off-canvas and highlights the foreheads, the torn shoulder fabric and the exposed torso of Jesus. There is hardly a better example of the use of light and shadow or the use of the ordinary man as the subject matter. The use of light in this case draws the eye towards the most important parts of the painting, the parts that tell the story. The use of light and shadow also show Thomas progressing from the shadows of doubt into the light of faith and belief – he is further out of the shadows than the other two, a symbolic, yet very natural, move towards illumination.â€Å"What (Caravaggio) excels in is truth to the physical and psychological facts of a situation . . . an insistence on incidental details . . . which corresponds to the way the eye notices small things in moments of crisis. † (Kitson 101) Without a doubt, Caravaggio’s burst onto the art scene in 1600 caused a rippling effect throughout the art world. â€Å"The naturalism of Caravaggio which was to have momentous consequences for the whole of European painting, was the first great liberating force in Baroque art.† (Martin 41) Artwork that was highly sought after and appreciated in his lifetime, yet with a personality that was difficult to get along with, he was an enigmatic character with a trenchant for trouble. His inglorious and early death in 1610 was followed by an equally early dissipation of his influence and descent into ignominy in his own country Very soon, what had been started by Caravaggio was credited to others, and for over 400 years, his influence was seen but not heard.With the visual and symbolic impact of strong light and deep shadows, the modern art scene seeks to exemplify the great works of Caravaggio, a motif which he started all those years ago. And in today’s world it is in little doubt that the use of everyday culture and life is far more interesting a subject than that of the higher unknown. Caravaggio’s genius is in little doubt, and even though it took a little while for his appreciation to be felt again on a large level, it is comforting to know that the boundaries of art were pushed at a time when the world was ‘recovering’ from the Renaissance.Though art was cultivated to a high level during that period, the elite still had something to learn from the everyday man, and understating something in a painting, as Caravaggio did, could have far more of an impact in the long term. Caravaggio p ushed the boundaries on a snobbish world and presented us with the gritty truth. His own life was a series of light periods and dark ones, and to this day his eccentricities have preserved his right as one of the greatest artists of the Baroque era, indeed of all time.Works Cited Conti, Flavio. How to Recognize Baroque Art. Italy: Macdonald Educational Ltd. , 1978. Bazin, Germain. Baroque and Rococo. New York: Thames and Hudson Ltd. , 1998. Martin, John Rupert. Style and Civilization: Baroque. London: Penguin Books, 1989. Turner, Jane (ed. ). From Renaissance to Impressionism(The Grove Dictionary of Art). New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000. Kitson, Michael. The Age of Baroque. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1966. Wikipedia Web Site: Caravaggio Search.

The Insider Secret on Types of Academic Papers Discovered

The Insider Secret on Types of Academic Papers Discovered New Ideas Into Types of Academic Papers Never Before Revealed Investing in a suitable style manual and adhering to its recommendations can enhance the standard of writing and the chance that the outcome is going to be accepted by editors and by the last arbiters, the readers. There are two sorts of data involved with market research and include primary and secondary info. If you wish to get high excellent research and thesis papers in time and for an affordable price, you should probably attempt using EssaySupply.com. Another feature to think about is affordability. What's Truly Going on with Types of Academic Papers To achieve that, the very first step would be to create tremendous multi-language database with all kinds of academic papers. A research paper is an expanded essay, presenting an assortment of unique parts of information on a specific topic from various sources. If you'd like to compose a thriving academ ic paper, it is crucial to pick the ideal topic. If you wish to write a fantastic analytical paper, you should devote a great deal of your time to organize all the materials you should use to produce your work more well-structured. If you use class notes, some lecturers are not that worried about citations, although it's usually very good practice to work out a source saying the exact info, from a textbook or journal. Compared with it, translation plagiarism is quite imprecise due to several methods of feasible translations, which makes it tough to detect for plagiarism. The student should incorporate the in text citation based on the MLA style rules. The precise abbreviation isn't important too much, provided that it's clear in the bibliography. You will have to create a bibliography or reference list of all the sources which you use, but you'll also will need to indicate within the text wherever your information came from. Common knowledge doesn't need to get referenced, and you're able to assume that any reader is fairly knowledgeable regarding the field. The Battle Over Types of Academic Papers and How to Win It The author has not just to know the rules, but you should be persistent enough to apply all them correctly. Put the order at the moment and the full group of professional writers will allow you to acquire a great reputation in your college or university. The important challenge is the way to track down the most dependable and dependable companies online. The most important challenge faced by many is the way to finish their papers punctually. Especially in regards to academic writing, the practice of editing is vital and ongoing. The capability to see a larger picture is more useful here. A number of the characteristics and features to search for in a firm is going to be examined in this informative article. Typically narrative but might consist of tabular capabilities. Understanding Types of Academic Papers If you are in need of a paper free from plagiarism, you can readily rely on us. Academic papers, on the flip side, are generally somewhat more conservative in the usage of adjectives, though this is a wide generalization and varies per field. Plagiarism has been separated into three types on the grounds of the degree of plagiarism. It is crucial to understand plagiarism since it is a significant issue in academics. What You Need to Know About Types of Academic Papers To compose a great science paper students' should be prepared to put in plenty of hard work in order to compose a great superior paper. It is essential for the students to perform an effective research to be a ble to collect accurate data. Many students aren't able to structure their dissertations since they aren't familiarized with the simple format of a dissertation. Academic papers, such as other types of writing, demand a particular style and format to be able to be readily accepted. The pricing of our university paper rides on the sort of papers you will need. Using already written and submitted papers are sure to fail your grade ever since your professor will readily detect the content copy-pasted from the net. Research is the suggested procedure that allows students to track down an organization with all the desirable capabilities. In addition, the student should have a reference page. Essays are ordinarily not very long, therefore it's not surprising that teachers would assign a good deal of them to write. Vast majority of the students aren't knowledgeable about MLA writing style. Yes, there's a person who can aid you with your essays expert essay writers at MyPerfectWords. An essay is a brief, non-fictional bit of writing, which provides the author's individual perspective. Argumentative essays are definitely the most complicated. 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What Are Famous Inventions and Birthdays in December

Some of the most famous inventions, patents, trademarks, and copyrights also occurred in December. Read further to discover what famous inventor has the same December birthday as you or what historical invention was created on that day in December. December Inventions December 1 1948: Scrabble, the board game, was copyright registered.1925: Mr. Peanut was trademark registered. December 2 1969: Patent #3,482,037 was granted to Marie V. B. Brown for a home security system. December 3 1621:  Galileo perfected his invention of the telescope.1996: James and Jovee Coulter patented a glow-in-the-dark glove. December 4 1990: Patent #4,974,982 was granted to Thomas Nielson for a keyring pocket pen. December 5 1905: Chiclets gum was trademark registered. December 6 1955: The Volkswagen car was trademark registered. December 7 1926: KEEBLER was trademark registered. December 8 1970: Count Chocula was trademark registered. December 9 1924: Wrigleys  gum was trademark registered. December 10 1996: BED IN A BAG was trademark registered. December 11 1900: Ronald McFeely obtained a patent for a shoemaking machine. December 12 1980: The Computer Software Act of 1980 defined computer programs and clarified the extent of protection afforded to computer software by law. Software was now considered an invention and could be patented. December 13 1984:  Artificial heart recipient William Schroeder suffered his first stroke. December 14 1926: TILT-A-WHIRL, the famous theme park ride, was trademark registered. December 15 1964: Patent #3,161,861 was granted to Kenneth Olsen for magnetic core memory (first used in a minicomputer). December 16 1935: The movie A Tale of Two Cities was copyright registered. December 17 1974: The one-millionth trademark registered was issued to Cumberland Packing Corp. for a simple G clef and staff design used on Sweetn Low. December 18 1946: The first television network dramatic serial, Faraway Hill, ended after a two-month run. December 19 1871: Mark Twain received the first of his three patents for suspenders. December 20 1946: The Yearling, a movie based on the novel by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, was copyright registered.1871: Albert Jones of New York, New York, patented corrugated paper. December 21 1937:  Walt Disneys Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was copyright registered. December 22 1998: The Rosie ODonnell Show trademark was registered. December 23 1879:  Thomas Edison patented a magneto-electric machine. December 24 1974: Charles Beckley received a patent for a folding chair. December 25 1984: L.F. Holland patented an improved trailer or  mobile home. December 26 1933: Edwin Armstrong was granted a patent for a two-path FM radio. December 27 1966: The words from the theme song for Star Trek were copyright registered.   December 28 1976: Patent #4,000,000 was issued to Robert Mendenhall for a process for recycling asphalt compositions. December 29 1823:  Charles Macintosh, the Scottish inventor, patented the first waterproof material in 1823. The Mackintosh raincoat was named after him. December 30 1997: Volker Reiffenraths high-multiplexed, supertwist liquid display was patented. December 31 1935: A patent for the game Monopoly  was received by Charles Darrow. December Birthdays December 1 1743: German chemist Martin H. Klaproth discovered uranium.1912: Architect Minoru Yamasaki designed the World Trade Center. December 2 1906: Peter Carl Goldmark developed color TV and LP records.1946: Gianni Versace was a famous Italian fashion designer. December 3 1753: English inventor Samuel Crompton invented the mule-jenny spinning machine.1795:  Rowland Hill  invented the first adhesive postage stamp in 1840.1838: American meteorologist Cleveland Abbe was considered the Father of the Weather Bureau.1886: Swedish physicist Karl M.G. Siegbahn invented the  Rontgen  spectroscope  and won the Nobel Prize in 1924.1900: Austria biochemist Richard Kuhn, who worked with vitamins, won the Nobel Prize in 1938.1924:  John Backus  invented FORTRAN, a computer language.1937: English shoe manufacturer Stephen Rubin invented the Reebok and Adidas line of shoes. December 4 1908: American biologist A.D. Hershey researched bacteriophages and won the Nobel Prize in 1969.December 51901: German physicist Werner Heisenberg wrote the  theory of uncertainty and won the Nobel Prize in 1932.1903: English physicist Cecil Frank Powell discovered the  pion  and won the Nobel Prize in 1950.December 61898: Swedish sociologist and economist Gunnar Myrdal won the Nobel Prize in 1974.1918: Harold Horace Hopkins invented the endoscope.1928: Bert Geoffrey Achong was a noted electron microscopist. December 7 1761: Madame Tussaud invented the wax museum.1810: German scientist Theodor Schwann was the co-originator of cell theory.1928: Linguist Noam Chomsky founded transformational grammar. December 8 1765: Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin.1861: Georges Melies was the first filmmaker to film a fictional story. December 9 1868: German  physicist  and chemist Fritz Haber won the Nobel Prize in 1919. December 10 1851: Melvil Dewey invented the Dewey Decimal System for libraries. December 11 1781:  David Brewster  invented the kaleidoscope. December 12 1833: Matthias Hohner was the German manufacturer of harmonicas.1866: Swiss chemist Alfred Werner won the Nobel Prize in 1913. December 13 1816: Eric Werner von Siemens was a German artillery officer and inventor of the  electric elevator. December 14 1909: Edward Lawrie Tatum was an American molecular geneticist who won the Nobel Prize in 1958. December 15 1832: French engineer and architect Alexandre Gustave Eiffel is best known for the construction of the Eiffel  Tower.1852: Scientist Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity and won the Nobel Prize in 1903.1861:  Charles Edgar Duryea  was an auto inventor who built the first auto in the United States.1863: Arthur D. Little was an American chemist who invented rayon.1882: Helena Rubinstein was  a noted  American cosmetic manufacturer.1916: Maurice Wilkins was an English physicist who researched DNA and won the Nobel Prize in 1962. December 16 1882: German physicist Walther Meissner discovered the Meissner effect.1890: Harlan Sanders invented Kentucky Fried Chicken.1917: English science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke was an inventor and also wrote 2001: A Space Odyssey. December 17 1778: English chemist Humphry  Davy is best known for his discovery of elements such as potassium and sodium.1797:  Joseph Henry  was an American inventor and pioneer of electromagnetism.1908: Willard Frank Libby was the inventor of the carbon-14 atomic clock  and won the Nobel Prize in 1960. December 18 1856: English physicist Joseph John Thomson discovered the electron and won the Nobel Prize in 1906.1947: Eddie Antar founded the Crazy Eddie Electronics Store. December 19 1813: Irish chemist and physicist Thomas Andrews discovered the ozone.1849: Henry Clay Frick built the worlds largest coke and steel operation.1852: American physicist Albert Michelson won the Nobel Prize in 1907.1903:  Geneticist  George Snell won a Nobel Prize in 1980 and was an authority on tissue transplantation.  1903: English biologist Cyril Dean Darlington discovered hereditary mechanisms.1944: Anthropologist Richard Leakey is a noted paleontologist whose  significant finds include the remains of Turkana Boy, a 1.6 million-year-old Homo erectus skeleton.1961: American physicist Eric Allin Cornell won a Nobel Prize in 2001 for  the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates. December 20 1805: Thomas Graham founded colloid chemistry.1868: Industrialist Harvey S. Firestone founded Firestone Tires. December 21 1823: French entomologist Jean Henri Fabre was most famous for his studies of the anatomy and behavior of insects. December 22 1911: Grote Reber invented the first parabolic radio telescope.1917: English physiologist Andrew Fielding Huxley won the Nobel Prize in 1963 for discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane.1944: British scientist Mary Archer specializes in solar power conversion. December 23 1732:  Richard Arkwright  invented the spinning frame. December 24 1818: Physicist James Prescott Joule discovered the principle of conservation of energy.1905:  Howard Hughes  founded Hughes Aircraft and invented the Spruce Goose. December 25 1643: Isaac Newton was a British physicist, mathematician, and astronomer most known for his discoveries in the field of gravity. December 26 1792: English inventor  Charles Babbage  invented the calculating machine.1878: Isaiah Bowman was the co-founder of the Geographical Review. December 27 1571: German astronomer  Johann Kepler  discovered elliptical orbits.1773:  George Cayley  founded the science of aerodynamics and invented gliders. December 28 1895:  Auguste Lumiere and Louis Lumiere  were twin brothers who opened the first commercial cinema.1942: Physicist Paul Horowitz founded the META project and  won  the Sloan Award in 1971-73.1944: American scientist Kary Mullis developed the polymerase chain reaction or PCR technique. December 29 1776:  Charles Macintosh  patented waterproof fabric.1800:  Charles Goodyear  invented the vulcanization process for rubber. December 30 1851:  Asa Griggs Candler  invented  Coca-Cola.1952: Larry Bartlett invented a photographic printer. December 31 1864: American astronomer Robert G. Aitken was the first to discover binary stars.